| Sažetak | Porastom ljudske populacije potrošnja vode raste, a time se smanjuje njena raspoloživost po stanovniku. Također, zbog industrijskog razvoja voda postaje sve više onečišćena, posebice teškim metalima. Tako onečišćene vode predstavljaju opasnost za okoliš i za ljudsko zdravlje. Stoga je potrebno prirodne vode zaštititi od onečišćenja odgovarajućom obradom otpadnih voda prije ispuštanja u prirodne recipijente ili u sustav javne odvodnje. Budući da je obrada voda prilično skupa zbog iznimno velikih količina onečišćene vode, ali i zbog sve strožih propisa, nastoje se pronaći ekonomski prihvatljivija rješenja. Kako bi se smanjio trošak obrade, u ovome radu ispitana je mogućnost primjene nusproizvoda i otpada iz lokalnih pogona za preradu i proizvodnju hrane kao biosorbenasa za uklanjanje teških metala iz voda. Koštice maslina, pelet komine maslina, ostaci hridinskog ježinca, koštice višanja i koštice trešanja različitih veličina čestica (0,56-1,00 mm; 0,09-0,56 mm i 0,045-0,09 mm) korišteni su kao biosorbensi za uklanjanje cinka iz vodene otopine šaržnim postupkom. Učinkovitost uklanjanja bila je u rasponu od 5,4 do 35,3%, a najučinkovitije su bile koštice višanja (35,3%). Slijede ih koštice trešanja (34,4%), ostaci hridinskog ježinca (26,1%), koštice maslina (25,8%), a najmanje učinkovit bio je pelet komine maslina (19,2%). Učinkovitost uklanjanja porasla je smanjenjem veličine čestica, zbog veće aktivne površine, iako u slučaju koštica višanja nije dobivena značajna razlika u učinkovitosti uklanjanja za veličine čestica 0,09-0,56 mm i 0,045-0,09 mm. Učinkovitost korištenih biosorbenasa nije dovoljna za smanjenje koncentracije cinka ispod maksimalno dopuštenih koncentracija, međutim obrada na biosorbensima može se provesti u više stupnjeva ili može biti prvi stupanj obrade prije primjene skupljih, a učinkovitijih sorbenasa. Korištenjem ostataka i nusproizvoda iz lokalnih pogona za preradu i proizvodnju hrane, osim što će se smanjiti količina otpada koji završi neiskorišten na odlagalištu, pridonijet će se ekonomski i ekološki održivoj obradi voda. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | As the human population grows, water consumption increases, and so does its availability per capita. Also, due to industrial development, water is becoming increasingly polluted, especially with heavy metals. Such polluted waters pose a danger to the environment and to human health. Therefore, it is necessary to protect natural waters from pollution by appropriate wastewater treatment before discharge into natural recipients or into the public sewerage system. Since water treatment is quite expensive due to extremely large amounts of polluted water, but also due to increasingly strict regulations, efforts are being made to find economically acceptable solutions. In order to reduce water treatment costs, in this thesis, the possibility of using by-products and waste from local facilities for food processing and production as biosorbents for the removal of heavy metals from water was investigated. Olive stones, olive pomace pellets, residues of the sea urchin, cherry pits and sour cherry pits of different particle sizes (0.56-1.00 mm, 0.09-0.56 mm and 0.045-0.09 mm) were used as biosorbents for removal of zinc from aqueous solution by batch process. Removal efficiency ranged from 5.4 to 35.3%, with sour cherry pits being the most effective (35.3%). They are followed by cherry pits (34.4%), residues of the sea urchin (26.1%), olive stones (25.8%), and the least effective was the olive pomace pellet (19.2%). Removal efficiency increased with decreasing particle size, due to larger active surface area, although in the case of sour cherry pits no significant difference in removal efficiency was obtained for particle sizes 0.09-0.56 mm and 0.045-0.09 mm. The efficiency of the biosorbents used is not sufficient to reduce the zinc concentration below the maximum allowable concentrations, however the treatment on biosorbents can be carried out in several stages or can be the first stage of treatment before using more expensive and more efficient sorbents. The use of residues and by-products from local food processing and production facilities, in addition to reducing the amount of waste that ends up unused in landfills, will contribute to economically and environmentally sustainable water treatment. |
