Due to the decline of terrestrial mineral deposits, seawater is becoming the most important source for the extraction of valuable metals and minerals. Since the element lithium is a component of lithium-ion batteries that power numerous electronic devices, and their demand is increasing daily with the production of electric cars, the world is facing a potential lithium shortage. For this reason, efforts are being made to find and perfect alternative methods for extracting lithium from seawater, from brine remaining after desalination, and from the sea bittern remaining after sea salt extraction. This paper presents an overview of current extraction methods, which include solar evaporation, adsorption, diffusion dialysis, precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion exchange. A method of electrodialysis, in which ions are transported through a semipermeable membrane under the influence of an electric potential, was also presented and should be pursued as it offers promising solutions for their recovery. Future experiments will focus on increasing the durability and selectivity of membranes for electrodialysis applications to recover lithium and other minerals from seawater for commercial purposes.